1.2 Semantic Relations
Just after senses are understood (and you will while they can be identified having a reasonable amount of confidence), the kind of dating one to exists between the two should be based. The most famous category regarding semantic relations emerges on the community from historical semantics, that’s, the latest words accustomed establish synchronic interactions ranging from phrase meanings was essentially the just like brand new language regularly identify diachronic alter out-of meaning. On the simplest case, in the event the sense a good try synchronically connected with experience b by the metonymy, next a method out of metonymy has acted diachronically to increase experience a to feel b: diachronic mechanisms out-of semasiological transform reappear synchronically because semantic relationships among term definitions.
The fresh new desktop computer and the held facts, or perhaps the mouse and the tip, has a romance out of real-business connectedness that’s constantly caught by the idea of ‘contiguity
The brand new five earliest products is actually specialty, generalization, metaphor, and metonymy (revealed here, out of good diachronic perspective, because the components unlike synchronic affairs). When it comes to semantic specialization, this new definition are a restriction of the dated definition: the latest meaning was a great subcase of your old. Traditional examples of specialization try corn (originally a pay-title for everyone types of cereals, today certified so you can ‘wheat’ when you look at the England, so you’re able to ‘oats’ for the Scotland, and ‘maize’ in the us), starve (swinging out-of ‘to die’ to ‘to help you perish out-of hunger’), and you will queen (to start with ‘spouse, woman,’ today limited to ‘king’s wife, or girls sovereign’). Examples of generalization is moon (mostly new earth’s satellite, however, offered to almost any planet’s satellite), and you will French arriver (and this to begin with suggested ‘to-arrive the brand new river’s coast, to help you embank,’ however, which today represents ‘to reach a destination’ overall). There is lots away from terminological version to the specialization and you may generalization. ‘Restriction’ and you can ‘narrowing’ out-of definition equivalent ‘specialty,’ while ‘extension,’ ‘schematization,’ and you may ‘broadening’ out of meaning equal ‘generalization.’ Plus, the latest significance on it can be stated so you can host affairs away from taxonomical subordination otherwise superordination: when you look at the good taxonomy (a forest-like hierarchical classification) regarding maxims, the fresh formal meaning is subordinate pertaining to the initial one to, while the generalized definition is superordinate pertaining to the first.
For example specialty and generalization, it is convenient and you can customary to introduce metaphor and you may metonymy together, although the matchmaking is not https://datingranking.net/cs/eurodate-recenze/ as intimate as with the fresh previous partners. (More about metaphor and you will metonymy comes after when you look at the area step 1.six, “Abstract Metaphor and you will Metonymy.”) Metaphor is then supposed to be based on a romance away from similarity between the dated and the the fresh new training, and metonymy toward a relationship from contiguity. Most recent computer conditions returns examples of each other types. The fresh new pc of screen, as an example, is not the same as the new pc of one’s work environment desk-besides in both cases, it will be the space (an exact room in one single circumstances, a virtual one out of others) for which you reputation many items that your regularly fool around with otherwise one urgently you want notice. The computer desktop, simply put, is not virtually a pc in the brand new experience, nonetheless it has actually a working resemblance for the amazing: the device reading are an excellent metaphorical extension of fresh work environment furniture learning. Functional parallels including underlie metaphorical expressions like save, clipboard, file, folder, reduce, and you will paste. Mouse, while doing so, is even metaphorically motivated, but here, the latest metaphorical resemblance involves profile as opposed to setting. But now imagine an announcement with the impact that your desktop computer keeps your busy for another 14 days, otherwise you query aloud where your mouse went whenever you are looking to locate the fresh new tip toward monitor. In such cases, pc and you may mouse are utilized metonymically. Regarding the previous situation, it is really not the fresh new digital area therefore that is relevant, although items that was kept truth be told there. Regarding the latter case, it is not the new mouse as such (the point that you possess on the hand) you make reference to, but the tip to the display screen which is operate by the mouse. ‘ Whenever, by way of example, you to products an entire package, it is not the fresh package but simply their information that will be consumed: container can be used to make reference to a specific sorts of container, while the (spatially contiguous) belongings in that container. Whenever lexical semanticians declare that metonymical changes depend on contiguity, contiguity should not be know inside a thin feel because the referring so you can spatial proximity merely, but alot more broadly because the a standard title for various contacts during the this new spatial, temporary, or causal website name.